When it comes to identifying birds of prey in North America, two species often cause confusion among bird watchers and nature enthusiasts: the sharp-shinned hawk and Cooper’s hawk. These two hawks share many similarities in appearance and behavior, making it difficult to distinguish between them, especially from a distance. Both species belong to theAccipitergenus, which includes hawks known for their agility and hunting prowess in wooded areas. However, several key differences can help observers tell them apart with careful attention to detail.
Size Differences Between Sharp-Shinned and Cooper’s Hawks
One of the most notable distinctions between the sharp-shinned hawk and Cooper’s hawk is their size. However, size alone can be tricky to rely on, as there is some overlap, especially when comparing male Cooper’s hawks to female sharp-shinned hawks.
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Size
- Smallest hawk in North America
- Length: 9 to 13 inches (23 to 34 cm)
- Wingspan: 16.5 to 22 inches (42 to 56 cm)
- Weight: 3 to 8 ounces (85 to 227 grams)
Cooper’s Hawk Size
- Medium-sized hawk
- Length: 14 to 20 inches (36 to 51 cm)
- Wingspan: 24 to 35 inches (62 to 90 cm)
- Weight: 8 to 24 ounces (227 to 680 grams)
In general, Cooper’s hawks appear bulkier and more robust, while sharp-shinned hawks look slimmer and more delicate. However, due to variations in sex and age, it is essential to look at other features in addition to size.
Body Proportions and Structure
Aside from size, body proportions can also provide clues when identifying these birds. Sharp-shinned hawks and Cooper’s hawks have subtle differences in their structure, especially in their head, tail, and overall posture.
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Characteristics
- Small, rounded head that barely extends beyond the wings when perched
- Square-tipped tail with a slight notch
- Shorter neck, giving a hunched appearance when perched
Cooper’s Hawk Characteristics
- Larger, more prominent head that juts beyond the wings when perched
- Rounded tail with a broader white terminal band
- Longer neck and a more upright posture when perched
The head and tail are often the most reliable field marks when comparing these two hawks side by side. Cooper’s hawks tend to look more blocky and substantial, whereas sharp-shinned hawks appear more streamlined.
Flight Behavior and Hunting Style
Flight behavior is another helpful way to tell the sharp-shinned hawk and Cooper’s hawk apart. Both species use quick, agile wingbeats interspersed with glides, but there are subtle differences.
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Flight Pattern
- Rapid, choppy wingbeats followed by short glides
- Appears to be more fluttery in flight
- More erratic and faster turns when navigating through dense trees
Cooper’s Hawk Flight Pattern
- Slower, more deliberate wingbeats with longer glides
- Appears steadier and more powerful in flight
- Less frantic movements compared to sharp-shinned hawks
Watching their flight carefully, especially during migration or while hunting, can provide strong clues about their identity.
Plumage and Coloration
At first glance, the plumage of sharp-shinned and Cooper’s hawks appears almost identical. Both species have similar color patterns, making this a less reliable feature for identification, but some subtle differences exist.
Shared Plumage Traits
- Blue-gray upperparts
- Reddish barring on the underparts
- Dark cap on the head
- Yellow legs and feet
Distinctive Differences
- Sharp-shinned hawks often show a more contrasting dark cap with a smaller head.
- Cooper’s hawks have a larger, more rounded head with a more gradual color blend between the crown and back.
Due to their similar coloration, observers should use plumage in combination with body structure and behavior rather than as a standalone identification method.
Vocalizations and Sounds
Though less frequently heard, the calls of these hawks can also help in identification, especially during the breeding season or when the birds are alarmed.
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Call
- High-pitched, rapid kik-kik-kik call
- More shrill and higher in pitch compared to Cooper’s hawk
Cooper’s Hawk Call
- Lower-pitched, slower cak-cak-cak call
- Deeper and more drawn out than sharp-shinned hawk calls
Though both species have similar-sounding calls, sharp-shinned hawks generally have a faster, more urgent tone.
Habitat and Range Preferences
While their ranges overlap across North America, these two hawks have slightly different habitat preferences that can assist with identification.
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Habitat
- Prefers dense coniferous and mixed forests
- Common in northern forests during breeding season
- Frequently visits suburban areas during migration and winter, especially near bird feeders
Cooper’s Hawk Habitat
- Thrives in woodlands, open forests, and suburban areas
- Often nests in residential neighborhoods with mature trees
- More adaptable to urban environments than sharp-shinned hawks
Cooper’s hawks are more likely to be seen year-round in cities and towns, while sharp-shinned hawks tend to be more elusive and seasonal in these areas.
Feeding Habits and Prey
Both species hunt primarily small birds, but their prey selection and hunting methods vary slightly due to size differences.
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Diet
- Feeds on small songbirds such as sparrows, finches, and warblers
- Occasionally takes insects and small mammals
Cooper’s Hawk Diet
- Targets larger birds such as doves, pigeons, and jays
- Also hunts squirrels and other small mammals
Cooper’s hawks generally pursue slightly larger prey compared to the sharp-shinned hawk, reflecting their larger size and stronger build.
Distinguishing between the sharp-shinned hawk and Cooper’s hawk can be challenging, but with careful observation of size, body shape, flight style, and habitat, it becomes easier to tell them apart. Sharp-shinned hawks are smaller, with a square tail, small head, and quick, fluttery flight. Cooper’s hawks are larger, with a rounded tail, larger head, and steadier flight. By paying attention to these details, birdwatchers can sharpen their identification skills and enjoy a deeper appreciation of these fascinating raptors.