Xerophthalmia, more commonly referred to as dryness of the eye, is a condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the quality of tears is insufficient to keep the eyes lubricated. This lack of moisture can lead to irritation, redness, discomfort, and in severe cases, even vision loss. The term xerophthalmia may sound unfamiliar to many, but understanding it is important for maintaining eye health, as it is often connected with vitamin deficiencies, environmental factors, and underlying medical conditions. Exploring its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help people recognize and address this condition early.
What Is Xerophthalmia?
Xerophthalmia is the medical term for dryness of the eye. The word comes from Greek origins xero meaning dry and ophthalmos meaning eye. It is not just occasional dryness that many people feel after long hours in front of a computer screen. Instead, it is often a chronic or progressive condition that may worsen if left untreated. This eye disorder is commonly associated with a lack of vitamin A, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of the cornea and conjunctiva. Without proper lubrication, the eye becomes vulnerable to infections, injuries, and corneal damage.
Causes of Xerophthalmia
The reasons behind xerophthalmia can vary widely. While vitamin A deficiency remains a leading cause, other environmental and health-related factors contribute as well. Below are some of the most common causes
- Vitamin A deficiency– A major global cause, especially in developing countries. Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision.
- Dehydration– Lack of sufficient fluid intake can reduce tear production.
- Environmental factors– Living in dry climates, exposure to wind, or spending long periods in air-conditioned rooms can trigger dryness.
- Prolonged screen time– Reduced blinking while staring at digital devices may lead to dry eyes.
- Aging– Tear production naturally decreases with age, making older adults more prone to xerophthalmia.
- Medical conditions– Diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes can impair tear production.
- Medications– Antihistamines, decongestants, and some blood pressure medicines may reduce tear secretion.
Symptoms of Xerophthalmia
The symptoms of xerophthalmia can vary depending on the severity. Early recognition is important to prevent progression into serious complications. Common symptoms include
- Persistent dryness and discomfort in the eyes
- Redness and irritation of the eye surface
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- A gritty or burning sensation, often compared to having sand in the eyes
- Blurred vision due to poor tear film stability
- Difficulty wearing contact lenses
- In severe cases, visible damage to the cornea such as cloudiness or ulceration
Connection Between Xerophthalmia and Vitamin A
One of the most important aspects of xerophthalmia is its close relationship with vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is vital for the production of rhodopsin, a pigment in the retina that helps with low-light vision. When the body lacks vitamin A, the conjunctiva and cornea begin to dry out, leading to early signs of xerophthalmia. Over time, this dryness can worsen and cause night blindness, corneal ulcers, and even complete blindness if not corrected. In fact, xerophthalmia is considered one of the leading causes of preventable childhood blindness in some parts of the world.
Risk Factors
Not everyone is equally at risk for developing xerophthalmia. Several groups are more vulnerable, including
- Children in regions where malnutrition is common
- Older adults with reduced tear production
- People with autoimmune diseases
- Individuals who frequently use screens for work or entertainment
- Those who live in dry or polluted environments
Complications of Untreated Xerophthalmia
If xerophthalmia is not treated promptly, it can lead to serious eye problems. Some of the possible complications include
- Severe corneal damage due to chronic dryness
- Corneal ulcers, which may lead to scarring
- Permanent vision loss if the cornea becomes irreversibly damaged
- Increased susceptibility to eye infections
Diagnosis
To diagnose xerophthalmia, an eye specialist will usually perform a detailed examination. This may involve checking the tear film using a slit lamp, measuring tear production through a Schirmer’s test, or observing the cornea for signs of dryness and damage. In cases linked to vitamin A deficiency, blood tests may also be recommended to evaluate vitamin levels.
Treatment Options
Treatment for xerophthalmia depends on the underlying cause. Some common approaches include
- Artificial tears and lubricating eye drops– These provide temporary relief and keep the eyes moist.
- Vitamin A supplements– For individuals with a deficiency, supplementation is essential to restore eye health.
- Lifestyle changes– Drinking more water, blinking more often while using screens, and avoiding smoky or dusty environments can help reduce symptoms.
- Medical interventions– In severe cases, procedures such as punctal plugs may be used to block tear drainage and retain moisture on the eye surface.
Prevention
Preventing xerophthalmia involves a combination of proper nutrition and healthy eye habits. Eating foods rich in vitamin A such as carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and liver can help maintain adequate levels of this essential nutrient. Protecting the eyes from harsh environmental conditions, using protective eyewear, and taking regular breaks from digital screens also reduce the risk of developing dryness.
Living with Xerophthalmia
For people already living with chronic dry eyes, managing xerophthalmia is about more than just using eye drops. Adopting a comprehensive approach that includes proper hydration, balanced nutrition, and regular checkups with an eye doctor ensures better long-term outcomes. Many patients also find that using humidifiers indoors or adjusting their work environment can significantly improve comfort levels.
Xerophthalmia, or dryness of the eye, may start as a minor irritation but can become a serious threat to vision if neglected. Its strong link to vitamin A deficiency highlights the importance of nutrition in eye health, while modern lifestyles with heavy screen use also contribute to its rising prevalence. Recognizing the symptoms early, understanding the causes, and seeking timely treatment are essential steps in preserving eye function. With proper care, lifestyle adjustments, and medical attention when necessary, xerophthalmia can be managed effectively, protecting one of the most valuable senses sight.