William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, served during a pivotal time in American history. He led the nation through the Spanish-American War and laid the groundwork for America’s emergence as a global power. Born in the aftermath of the Civil War, McKinley’s presidency marked the end of the 19th century and the beginning of America’s expansionist era. His administration is remembered for significant developments in foreign policy, economic protectionism, and modernization of the military. Understanding facts about William McKinley helps us see how he shaped the future of the United States during a transformative period.
Early Life and Education
William McKinley was born on January 29, 1843, in Niles, Ohio. He was the seventh of nine children in a working-class family. His parents, William McKinley Sr. and Nancy Allison McKinley, were of Scottish and Irish descent. McKinley attended Allegheny College for a short time but had to leave due to illness and financial hardship. Eventually, he studied law and passed the bar in 1867.
Civil War Service
McKinley enlisted in the Union Army during the Civil War, serving in the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He began as a private and rose through the ranks to become a brevet major, an honorary promotion given for meritorious service. His time in the military had a lasting impact on his leadership and patriotism.
Political Career Before the Presidency
McKinley’s political career began when he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1876. He served seven terms in Congress and became known for his strong support of protective tariffs, particularly the McKinley Tariff of 1890. This policy aimed to protect American industries by taxing imported goods, aligning with the Republican Party’s platform of economic nationalism.
After losing his congressional seat, McKinley ran for governor of Ohio and won in 1891. He served two terms as governor and gained national recognition for his moderate policies and ability to mediate labor disputes.
Presidency of William McKinley
McKinley was elected President in 1896, defeating Democrat William Jennings Bryan. His campaign was supported by big business, and his administration emphasized stability, economic growth, and expansion. He was re-elected in 1900 but was assassinated in 1901, cutting his second term short.
Spanish-American War
One of the most notable events during McKinley’s presidency was the Spanish-American War in 1898. Following the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, the U.S. declared war on Spain. The conflict lasted only a few months and resulted in the U.S. gaining control of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, while Cuba became independent under American influence.
This victory marked a turning point in U.S. history, signaling the country’s rise as a colonial power. McKinley justified the war as a mission to liberate oppressed peoples, though critics saw it as a step toward imperialism.
Annexation of Hawaii
Another key moment of McKinley’s foreign policy was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. The islands, strategically located in the Pacific, had been of interest to American business and military leaders. McKinley supported annexation for both economic and geopolitical reasons, securing a key naval base at Pearl Harbor.
Domestic Policy and Economic Growth
Domestically, McKinley championed a high-tariff policy that protected American manufacturers. His economic strategy contributed to a period of prosperity following the Panic of 1893. He signed the Dingley Tariff, one of the highest tariffs in U.S. history, to reinforce domestic industry.
He also supported the Gold Standard Act of 1900, which formally tied the U.S. dollar to gold, promoting financial stability and appealing to business interests. This act ended the contentious debate over bimetallism, which had dominated the 1896 election.
Relationship with Theodore Roosevelt
McKinley’s vice president during his second term was Theodore Roosevelt, a rising star in the Republican Party. Roosevelt had earned fame as a hero of the Spanish-American War and brought youthful energy to the ticket. When McKinley was assassinated, Roosevelt became president, continuing and expanding many of McKinley’s policies.
Assassination and Legacy
William McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901, while attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz and died from his wounds on September 14. His death shocked the nation and led to increased efforts to protect public officials.
Historical Significance
McKinley’s legacy is often overshadowed by Roosevelt, but historians recognize his contributions to U.S. foreign policy and economic development. He transformed the United States into a modern imperial power and ushered in a new era of American international involvement.
Interesting Facts About William McKinley
- He was the last U.S. president to have served in the Civil War.
- McKinley was the first president to use a telephone to campaign, staying in one location (his front porch in Ohio) while addressing supporters nationwide.
- He was deeply religious and often quoted the Bible in his speeches.
- McKinley’s favorite flower was the carnation, which became a symbol of remembrance after his death.
- He was known for his calm and thoughtful demeanor, even in times of crisis.
- McKinley’s face appeared on the U.S. $500 bill until it was discontinued in 1969.
William McKinley played a crucial role in shaping the United States during a period of major transition. From his military service in the Civil War to his leadership during the Spanish-American War, he helped lay the foundation for America’s global presence. His commitment to economic growth, protective tariffs, and international expansion reflected the values and challenges of his era. Although his life was cut short, McKinley’s presidency left a lasting imprint on the nation and deserves recognition for its contributions to U.S. history.